Soil basics
Soil basics
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  1. The difference between soil and soil

The soil, covered on the surface of the land, can be used for plant growth if the external conditions such as light, temperature, and precipitation are sufficient. Its parent metal is a rock weathering that is transported and accumulated by water or wind. It is formed under the interaction of climate, biology (including human factors) and topography during a certain period of time. The soil is at the core of the ecosystem. In addition to the terrestrial organisms such as plants, it can decompose the leaves and animal remains and maintain the normal biogeochemical cycle of the elements. Soil is one of the elements that make up the environment along with the atmosphere and water.

Now, the words “earth” and “soil” are generally used separately. In other words, after the weathering of the rock, “soil” is formed; after the rock is weathered into fine particles, if it is in a state suitable for plant growth due to biological action, it is called “soil” and has a clear distinction from “soil”.

  1. Soil generation

Scientists use radioactive elements to determine the age of meteorites, and analyze the lunar rocks brought back by the Apollo program. It is speculated that the earth we live in has been around 4.6 billion years since its birth. It is generally believed that when the earth was first born, the surface of the earth and the surface of the moon did not differ much, but now it has become completely different. This difference is due to the absence of air and water on the moon, so no creatures were born; and the earth was born with a rich variety of creatures.

Since there is no air (vacuum) on the surface of the moon, it is greatly affected by the sun. Intense ultraviolet rays and temperature differences (130°C to 170°C) make the rock weather into particles (powder). Such particles are called dust and are not considered soil.

In contrast, in the earth under the protection of the atmosphere, the temperature difference is very small (40 ° to 40 ° C), and the earth has water, microorganisms can inhabit the weathered rock particles, decompose, condense, polymerize organic matter, form Humus, which forms an environment suitable for biological growth—soil

Difference between soil and soil

  1. From soil to soil

Biological activity is an indispensable factor in the process of changing from soil to soil. The first time there was a creature on earth, about 4 billion years ago; and the first time the soil appeared on Earth, it should be at this time. The soil and the creatures appear together on the land, and the relationship is inseparable until today.

The rock turns into soil, and in addition to physical causes such as collapse, the creature also has the power to turn the rock into soil. It is generally believed that the creature that turns the demonstration into a soil is a moss (lichens) that requires a little nutrients on the rock to grow. We can often see mossy rocks in the mountains or in ancient temples. Below the moss, there is already a thin layer of traces of soil, and it is soil containing clay, microbes and organic matter.

Soil born from rock

When water or depressions on the surface of the rock accumulate water and create an environment with moderate moisture, the moss that can use the sun will begin to invade. As the moss gradually proliferates, the surface of the rock covered with moss gradually turns into soil. At this time, there are various microorganisms that can use inorganic substances or organic substances to proliferate in the soil. Under the action of these microorganisms, the nature of the soil will gradually become an environment suitable for plant growth, that is, “soil”.

When grasses appear on the newly-born soil, the soil will gradually increase due to the roots of the grasses and the action of microorganisms, and become an environment suitable for the growth of shrubs. Then tall trees will appear, and the plant communities will gradually emerge. .

Changes in plant communities on the ground also have a large impact on the environment beneath the ground. The roots of various plants stretch down to secrete organic acids that dissolve rocks; after wilting, in addition to being a source of energy (food) for microorganisms, they can also create fine voids. The action of the roots of the plants promotes the decomposition of rocks and the activation of microorganisms, causing the accumulation of humus and continuing to produce new soils, and even deeper layers of rock gradually become soil layers.

After large plants begin to grow, organic matter such as fallen leaves will bring more supplies to the surface, and a large amount of humus will accumulate, making the soil more fertile.

Soil developed with plants

After a period of time, the nutrients in the soil begin to leaching; after the nutrient is lost, the soil gradually becomes an environment that is not suitable for plant growth, that is, “soil.” As mentioned above, in the hundreds to tens of thousands of years, the soil is repeatedly born and disappeared, disappeared and reborn.

Humic acid and Potassium humate
Humic acid and chemical fertilizer
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For many years of planting experience, it is necessary to use chemical fertilizers. Most of them use chemical fertilizers or livestock feces at home. However, people around them are increasingly talking about humic acid. What is humic acid? What are the benefits?

what is humic acid

 
Humic acid refers to natural macromolecular organic matter formed by microbial decomposition and transformation and geochemical processes of organic matter such as animal and plant residues. It is extracted from peat, lignite and weathered coal and is an excellent organic matter. It comes from the soil and at the same time benefits the soil. It is worth noting that the organic matter is not necessarily humic acid, but humic acid must be the best organic matter.

The role of humic acid

Humic acid can promote the formation of soil aggregate structure, regulate soil pH, regulate soil water, fertilizer, gas and heat, increase soil exchange capacity, achieve acid-base balance, improve soil water and fertilizer retention capacity, and promote soil microbial activities. The number of aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, and cellulolytic bacteria increases, accelerates the decomposition and conversion of organic matter, activates the soil, and releases large and medium-sized micronutrients adsorbed by colloids, which is beneficial to the roots of crops.

Humic Acid Structure and function

Humic acid contains a carboxyl group, a phenolic hydroxyl group and the like, and has strong ion exchange and adsorption ability. It can reduce the loss of ammonium nitrogen and increase the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. According to statistics, the nitrogen released by urea and carbonamine can be more than 60 days after complexing with humic acid, which can increase the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer by more than 10%.

Inhibits urinary enzyme activity and reduces urea volatilization. Humic acid increases the distance of phosphorus in the soil, inhibits the fixation of water-soluble phosphorus in the soil, and promotes the absorption of phosphorus by roots.

According to statistics, the fertilizer efficiency of phosphate fertilizer can be increased by 5%-10% after the application of humic acid; humic acid The functional group can absorb and store potassium ions, so that the potassium fertilizer can be slowly decomposed, increase the release amount of potassium, increase the content of available potassium, and increase the utilization rate of potassium fertilizer by about 5%.

Humic acid and poorly soluble trace elements can chelate and form humic acid trace element chelate which is well absorbed by crops, which is beneficial to the absorption of trace elements by roots and leaves.
Humic acid contains a variety of active functional genes, which can enhance the activity of catalase and polyphenol oxidase in crops, stimulate physiological metabolism and promote growth and development. For example, humic acid can promote the early germination of seeds, and the emergence rate is high, especially at low temperatures; it can stimulate the division and growth of root meristem cells, so that the seedlings are rooted faster, rooting is more, roots are increased, and roots are elongated. The crops absorb water and have enhanced nutrient capacity.

Therefore, the nutrient supply is sufficient, the crop stems are fast and robust, the foliage is flourishing, the photosynthesis is enhanced, the nutrient is accelerated to the fruiting body, and the fruit is prematurely colored and matured.

Humic acid can reduce the stomata opening strength of plant leaves, reduce leaf transpiration, reduce water consumption, improve the water status of plants, ensure the normal growth and development of crops under drought conditions, and enhance drought resistance.

Humic acid is mostly amphoteric colloid, which has large surface activity and inhibits fungi. It can enhance cold resistance of crops, easily adsorb by cell membrane, change cell membrane permeability, promote absorption of inorganic nutrients, prevent rot disease, root rot, and reduce pests and diseases.

Humic acid can form a chelate with medium and trace elements, increase the amount of trace elements from the roots to the leaves or other parts, regulate the ratio and balance of a large number of elements and medium and trace elements; increase the activity of enzymes, strengthen sugar, starch, The synthesis and operation of protein, fat and various vitamins accelerate the metabolism of various primary products from stems and leaves to fruits and seeds, and promote fruit enlargement and fullness of seeds.

Understand the humic acid, let’s take a look at the fertilizer that has been used for many years.

Chemical fertilizers, as the name suggests, are chemical fertilizers.

In the narrow sense, chemical fertilizers are chemically produced fertilizers. In a broad sense, chemical fertilizers refer to all inorganic fertilizers and slow-acting fertilizers produced industrially. Some people only call nitrogen fertilizers chemical fertilizers. Incomplete fertilizers are the general term for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and compound fertilizers.

Fertilizer characteristics

The characteristics of chemical fertilizers are that they are convenient to use, high in content, fast in fertilizer efficiency, easy to volatilize, fixed, and cause nutrient loss.

Shortcomings of fertilizer

  1. The chemical fertilizer does not contain organic matter and humus. Therefore, a large amount of chemical fertilizer is used. Due to the lack of organic matter and humus, the soil aggregate structure is destroyed, causing soil compaction.
  2. The utilization rate of chemical fertilizer is low. Because nitrogen fertilizer is volatile and lost, the utilization rate is only 30%-50%, and the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer is only 10%-25%. Because phosphate chemical activity is active, most of phosphorus and soil are applied after soil application. The cations such as Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ combine to form a poorly soluble phosphate fertilizer. The utilization rate of potassium is only about 50%.
  3. Long-term single use of chemical fertilizers, the organic matter in the soil is not replenished in time, which will cause the soil fertility decline caused by humus consumption, which shows that the crop immunity is reduced, the infection is easy, and the yield is greatly reduced.
     
  4. The use of chemical fertilizers greatly reduces the quality of vegetables and fruits. Because crops need not only NPK, but also many trace elements such as calcium, iron, zinc and selenium, and the general composition of chemical fertilizers is relatively simple, so long-term use of chemical fertilizer will inevitably lead to a single nutrient in the soil, which will easily make the crop malnutrition, thus Leading to the internal transformation and synthesis of crops, it will inevitably lead to the decline of crop quality, the melon is not sweet, and the vegetables are not fragrant.
     
  5. The extensive use of chemical fertilizers, the lack of organic matter will inhibit the microbial growth of soil, leading to a decline in the ability of soil to adjust automatically. It will inevitably lead to the death of a large number of beneficial bacteria and earthworms in the soil.
     
  6. Long-term inefficient application of chemical fertilizers, resulting in excessive accumulation of certain elements in the soil and changes in soil physical and chemical properties and environmental pollution.
  7. Long-term application of chemical fertilizers requires a large amount of chemical pesticides to maintain crop growth due to the reduction of plant immunity, which is likely to cause an increase in harmful substances in food.
     
     
    Scientific research has shown that soil fertility depends to a large extent on the amount of humic acid in the soil. A range of properties of humic acid, such as cation exchange capacity, oxygen content, and ability to retain moisture, are the main reasons why humic acid increases soil fertility and promotes plant growth. Therefore, in agricultural production, humic acid fertilizer is an indispensable helper for crop yield increase.
Fulvic Acid
Fulvic acid function of drought resistance
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The fulvic acid substance plays a huge role in alleviating the agricultural drought hazard. Although the fulvic acid products produced by different sources and different manufacturers have different effects on the crop and the effect on the transpiration resistance of the crop, However, a large number of test results show that the drought resistance function of the source fulvic acid is the most obvious.

Reduce the opening of the pores and reduce the transpiration of water. Two days after spraying, the pore width was reduced by 72.7%. On the 9th day, the total transpiration was reduced by 13.7% compared with the control, and the soil moisture content was increased by 1.5%. The results of continuous observation showed that the effect of reducing the opening degree of the pores after application lasted for more than 12 days, and basically disappeared on the 13th day. Afterwards, the test results of the Hami City Agricultural Bureau of Xinjiang further verified the mechanism of anti-transpiration of fulvic acid. They sprayed different concentrations of fulvic acid at the booting stage of wheat, and found that with the increase of dosage and concentration, the stomatal closure degree increased correspondingly, and the duration of drug effect was also extended, up to 22 days.

Promote root development and increase root activity. Zhu Hansu used wheat to carry out fulvic acid seed dressing, and investigated the number and length of secondary roots. The effect can be continued from the seedling stage to the wintering and returning stage. In the field investigation, the planting of the seed dressing was robust, the root-shoot ratio was increased, the senescence of the lower leaves was delayed, the number of green leaves remained, the photosynthetic area increased, and the dry matter accumulation increased.

The fulvic acid also has obvious effects on the growth and vitality of roots such as corn, rice, peanut and sweet potato. Corn was mixed with 0.5% fulvic acid, the average root length increased by 3.6 cm, the number of roots increased by 1.3, and the dry matter weight increased by 1.45 g, thereby increasing the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. Whether it is seed dressing, soaking or spraying.

The effect on soil water holding capacity. Spraying fulvic acid inhibits crop transpiration, slows down soil water consumption, and increases soil water content. In addition, fulvic acid has the effect of improving soil structure, which is conducive to maintaining soil water balance and saving water and water. The crop can be smoothly passed through the dry period. Meng Yuanping test measured the change of soil water content in different periods after spraying fulvic acid on wheat, and the consumption decreased by 4.3%–5.1% within 10-20 days after spraying. It has also been reported that after spraying fulvic acid on corn, the water content in different deep layers of soil increases by 7.0%–35.7.

Sodium Humate
Fulvic Acid and sodium humate used in animal medicine
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Feed mold changes play a very important role in “nameless hyperthermia”. Long-term intake of mycotoxins in pigs can reduce the body’s immune function and resistance, and it is more likely to occur. Therefore, in the high incidence of the disease, the mycotoxin treatment agent should be added to the pig feed. The general mycotoxin adsorbent can only adsorb aflatoxin. It is best to use both the degradation of mycotoxins and the adsorption of mycotoxins and the promotion of pig herds. A new type of mycotoxin treatment, fulvic acid, which prevents the mycotoxin in the feed from harming the health of the herd, adds 1 to 2 kg per ton of feed.

It has been proved by practice at home and abroad that sodium humate is not only a good bio-growth hormone, but also a widely used drug. The composition of humic acid has not been fully understood. It is known that humic acid molecules contain benzene rings, fused rings and some heterocyclic rings (such as pyrrole, furan, anthracene, etc.), and each aromatic ring has a bridge bond. There are various functional groups on the ring, mainly carboxyl groups, phenolic hydroxyl groups, methoxy groups, mercapto groups and the like. Because humic acid has such a complex molecular structure, it is possible to exhibit a variety of chemical properties in the material. For example, because humic acid itself has a large molecular weight, it can also form larger particles in a certain medium, so it has colloidal properties and adsorption capacity; humic acid has many carboxyl groups and phenolic hydroxyl groups, so it has weak acidity and strong Ion exchange capacity, chelating ability and buffer capacity: phenolic and ruthenium structures on humic acid molecules, which may be involved in the bio-oxidation system of bio-redox. These physicochemical properties may also affect the function of biological macromolecules, resulting in physiological and pharmacological activities. This article reviews the research progress of biochemical fulvic acid veterinary pharmacy for reference.

I. Promotion: activation and absorption of feed ingredients
Due to the colloidal properties and adsorption capacity of the chemical molecules of sodium humate, good ion exchange and catalysis are formed, which are manifested in seven aspects in the activation and absorption of feed ingredients:

  1. The various complex molecular nutrients in the feed are fully decomposed and a good organic combination is made, the gastrointestinal digestive function is increased, and the assimilation of the protein is promoted.
  2. Improve the permeability of animal cell membranes and protoplasts, increase the interstitial water volume and cell water content of muscle cells, and cause tenderness of pig skin.
  3. The adsorption of sodium humate makes the feed nutrient slowly pass through the intestine, which enhances the absorption and digestion time and improves the absorption rate of nutrients.
  4. The sodium humate molecule is rich in nitrogen and has a strong absorption effect on the amino group. It makes the non-protein amide in the feed fully utilized, and the feed protein is converted to muscle protein at a higher limit. Meat growth potential, increase the proportion of lean meat.
  5. The sulfhydryl group contained in sodium humate participates in the redox process of the body, so that the metabolism is vigorous, promote cell proliferation and accelerate growth.
  6. Sodium humate has astringent effect because sodium humate causes coagulation of red blood cells. According to the test, the humic acid red blood cell agglutination index is 5 times higher than that of tannic acid. When sodium humate enters the human body, it can strengthen the activity of various enzymes in the stomach and promote redox and metabolism.
Humic-acid
Humic acid rebuilds soil color
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First, the earth is human, and an important member of the earth’s carbon cycle of humic acid is closely related to the earth. Earth’s tranquility, humic acid must play a role, because humic acid is a “black carbon storage device” that maintains the soil carbon cycle, which has a great impact on the biosphere carbon balance.

Humic acid carbon accounts for 80% of soil organic carbon, accounting for 67.6% of the Earth’s biosphere, more than four times that of terrestrial vegetation, and more than three times that of atmospheric carbon dioxide. It shows that humic acid is an indispensable member of the Earth’s carbon cycle. It has the important influence of “taking the whole body and moving the whole body”.

Third, the harmony between humic acid and fertilizer is the harmony with the soil. Let black humic acid collect large and small trace elements and beneficial elements, through organic and inorganic combination, feed back the soil and build “earth and fertilizer harmony”, which has important practical significance for the reform of fertilizer lending side, sustainable soil production and soil carbon storage stability.

Fourth, let humic acid coordinate the balanced supply of nutrients between “soil-fertilizer-crop” and create a new direction of “fertilizer-type industry 4.0 era”, which is the historical mission of humic acid environment-friendly fertilizer.

——Zeng Xiancheng, Chairman of the China Humic Acid Industry Association

Humic acid is a special wealth that blesses mankind in the earth’s ecological cycle. China’s humic acid resources (brown coal, weathered coal, peat) are 230 billion tons, and we should develop and utilize these valuable resources reasonably and efficiently.

Second, humic acid is great, absorbs the aura of the universe, sets the essence of history, and forms a multi-functional life factor. With her soil getting angry, agriculture has quality assurance, life has become more exciting, and the ecological environment is naturally clean.

Third, research and practice have proved that humic acid series products can play an active role in soil, water and air pollution control. Especially in the soil heavy metal pollution control, soil desertification, acidification, salinization and other improvements, has a significant effect.

Fourth, we should cherish humic acid, use good humic acid, let humic acid serve the earth, let humanity continue to prosper

The role of sodium humate in feed culture and animal physiology
Sodium humate in animal feed
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Basic properties of sodium humate

1.1 Sodium humate fully decomposes various complex molecular nutrients in the feed and performs good organic combination, increases gastrointestinal function, and promotes protein assimilation.

1.2 Sodium humate increases the permeability of animal cell membranes and protoplasts, and increases the interstitial water volume and cell water content of muscle cells, and the phenomenon of animal hairiness is tender.

1.3 The adsorption of humic acid causes the feed nutrients to pass slowly through the intestines.
It enhances the absorption and digestion time and improves the absorption rate of nutrients.

1.4 Sodium humate makes full use of the non-protein amide in the feed, and the feed protein is converted to muscle protein at a higher level, which exerts the potential of lean meat growth, increases the proportion of lean meat, and retains the sodium humate molecule in the intestine. It can absorb ammonia in the feces, which not only reduces the odor of the feces, but also increases the fertilizer efficiency by absorbing ammonia.

1.5 The sulfhydryl group contained in sodium humate participates in the redox process of the body, which makes the metabolism strong, promotes cell proliferation and accelerates growth.

1.6 Sodium humate can improve gastrointestinal function, promote gastric secretion, increase appetite, promote nutrients into the body faster, stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, and inhibit the proliferation of spoilage bacteria.

1.7 Sodium humate increases feed conversion ratio, promotes weight gain, and reduces production costs. Can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters.

1.8 Sodium humate stimulates the immune system and improves disease resistance in animals. The intestinal flora is stabilized and then excreted by immobilizing toxins and harmful substances (including antibiotics) in animal feed by forming a protective film on the surface of the gastrointestinal mucosa. It can improve the appetite of animals and increase the feeding rate of animals. Humic acid itself can increase the feed conversion rate and ultimately promote weight gain.